Anna May Wong, the first Chinese-American movie star, was born Wong Liu Tsong on January 3, 1905, in Los Angeles, California, to laundryman Wong Sam Sing and his wife, Lee Gon Toy. A third-generation American, she managed to have a substantial acting career during a deeply racist time when the taboo against miscegenation meant that Caucasian actresses were cast as "Oriental" women in lead parts opposite Caucasian leading men. Even when the role called for playing opposite a Caucasian in Asian drag, as with Paul Muni 's appearance as the Chinese peasant Wang Lung in The Good Earth (1937), Wong was rejected, since she did not fit a Caucasian's imagined ideal look for an Asian woman. The discrimination she faced in the domestic industry caused her to go to Europe for work in English and German films. Her name, which she also spelled Wong Lew Song, translates literally as "Frosted Yellow Willows" but has been interpreted as "Second-Daughter Yellow Butterfly." Her family gave her the Engligh-language name Anna May. She was born on Flower Street in Los Angeles in an integrated neighborhood dominated by Irish and Germans, one block from Chinatown, where her father ran the Sam Kee Laundry. Located near a noxious gas plant and the L.A. River, Chinatown had been built on private property, so there were no sewers or running water. In 1900 the population of 2111 was 90% male, since U.S. immigration law of the late 19th and early 20th centuries would not allow a Chinese woman to immigrate unless she was already married to a U.S. citizen. Nineteen Chinese had been lynched in a Los Angeles race riot instigated by Caucasians in 1871, and there were later, lesser riots in 1886 and 1887. Until the Chinese emigrated to the U.S. in the mid-19th century, they had never encountered a people who considered them racially and culturally inferior, nor been forced to deal with overt hostility by a people who considered themselves their racial superiors. Discriminated against in a way exceeded only by the racism directed towards African-Americans, their assimilation was impossible, so the Chinese in America bought property to create their own communities. Boxed out of the American culture, their ties to China remained important and, forbidden by law to intermarry with whites, there was little chance of assimilation in the world Wong Liu Tsong was born into. She was destined to be one of the people who helped change that, at a terrible psychological cost exacted upon her by both the oppressors and their victims. The Wong family moved back to Chinatown two years after Liu Tsong's birth, but in 1910 they uprooted themselves, moving to a nearby Figueroa Street neighborhood where they had Mexican and East European neighbors. There were two steep hills between the Wongs' new home and Chinatown, but as her biographer, Colgate University history professor Graham Russell Gao Hodges, points out, those hills put a psychological as well as physical distance between Liu Tsong and Chinatown. Los Angeles' Chinatown already was teeming with movie shoots when she was a girl. Liu Tsong would haunt the neighborhood nickelodeons, having become enraptured with the early "flickers." Though her traditional father strongly disapproved of his daughter's cinephilia, as it deflected her from scholastic pursuits, there was little he could do about it, as Liu Tsong was determined to be an actress. The film industry was in the midst of relocating from the East Coast to the West, and Hollywood was booming. Liu Tsong would haunt movie shoots as she had earlier haunted the nickelodeons. Her favorite stars were Pearl White, of The Perils of Pauline (1914) serial fame, and White's leading man, Crane Wilbur . She was also fond of Ruth Roland . Educated at a Chinese-language school in Chinatown, she would skip school to watch movie shoots in her neighborhood. She made tip money from delivering laundry for her father, which she spent on going to the movies. Her father, if he discovered she had gone to the movies during school hours, would spank her with a bamboo stick. Around the time she was nine years old, she began begging filmmakers for parts, behavior that got her dubbed "C.C.C." for "curious Chinese child." Liu Tsong's first film role was as an uncredited extra in Metro Pictures' The Red Lantern (1919), starring Alla Nazimova as a Eurasian woman who falls in love with an American missionary. The film included scenes shot in Chinatown. The part was obtained for her by a friend of her father's (without his knowledge) who worked in the movie industry. Retaining the family surname "Wong" and the English-language "Christian" name bestowed on her by her parents, Liu Tsong Americanized herself as "Anna May Wong" for the movie industry, though she would not receive an on-screen credit for another two years. The rechristened Anna May Wong appeared in bit parts in movies starring Priscilla Dean , Colleen Moore and the Japanese-born Sessue Hayakawa , the first Asian star of American movies. Due to her father's demands, she had an adult guardian at the studio, and she would be locked in her dressing room between scenes if she was the only Asian in the cast. Initially balancing school work and her budding film career, she eventually dropped out of Los Angeles High School to pursue movie acting full time. She was aided by the fact that, though still a teenager, she looked more mature than her real age. Director Marshall Neilan cast the teenage Anna May in a bit part in his film Dinty (1920), then gave her her first credited role in the "Hop" sequence of Bits of Life (1921), the American movie industry's first anthology film. In "Hop," Wong played Toy Ling, the abused wife of Lon Chaney 's character Chin Gow, which the Man of a Thousand Faces played in Chinese drag. She next appeared in support of John Gilbert in Fox's Shame (1921) before being cast in her first major role at the age of 17, the lead in The Toll of the Sea (1922). She played Lotus Flower in this adaptation of the opera "Madame Butterfly," which moved the action from Japan to China. "The Toll of the Sea" was the first feature film shot entirely in Technicolor's two-strip color process. By appearing top-billed in this romantic melodrama, Anna May Wong became the first native-born ethnic Asian performer to star in a major Hollywood movie. Most portrayals of Asian women were done by Caucasian actresses in "yellow-face," such as the 1915 movie version of Madame Butterfly (1915) starring "America's Sweetheart," Toronto, Canada-born 'Mary Pickford' in the title role. In "The Toll of the Sea," Anna May's character perpetuates the stereotype of the Asian "lotus blossom," a self-sacrificial woman who surrenders her life for the love of a Caucasian man. The film was a hit, and it showcased Wong in a preternaturally mature and restrained performance. This breakthrough should have launched Anna May Wong as a star, but for one thing: She was an ethnic Chinese in a country that excluded Chinese by law from immigrating to the U.S., that excluded Chinese from inter-marrying with Caucasians, and that generally excluded Chinese from the culture at large, except for bit roles as heavies in the national consciousness. "The Toll of the Sea" made Anna May Wong a known quantity and thus a marketable commodity in Hollywood. She became the #1 actress when a young Asian female part had to be cast, but unfortunately, lead roles for Asians were few and far between. Instead of becoming a star, this beautiful woman with a complexion described as "a rose blushing through old ivory" continued to be stuck in supporting roles, as in 'Tod Browning''s melodrama Drifting (1923) and the western Thundering Dawn (1923). She even played an Eskimo in 1924's The Alaskan (1924) (her penultimate movie role, 35 years later, would also be as an Eskimo, in The Savage Innocents (1960)). She appeared as Tiger Lily, "Chieftainess of the Indians," in Paramount's prestigious production of J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan (1924), but the role was very small (the film was shot on Santa Catalina Island, where the cast stayed during the production. The 170-cm-tall (5' 7", although other sources cite her height as 5' 4½") beauty was known as the world's best-dressed woman and widely considered to have the loveliest hands in the cinema. Her big breakthrough after her auspicious start with "The Toll of the Sea" finally came when Douglas Fairbanks cast her in a supporting role as a treacherous Mongol slave in his Middle Eastern/Arabian Nights extravaganza The Thief of Bagdad (1924). The $2-million blockbuster production made her known to critics and the moviegoing public. For better or worse, a star, albeit of the stereotypical "Dragon Lady" type, was born. Despite her waxing fame, she was limited to supporting roles, as Caucasian actresses, including most improbably Myrna Loy , continued to be cast as Asian women in lead roles in the 1920s through the 1940s, despite the ready availability of Anna May Wong. She was unable to attract lead parts despite her beauty and proven acting talent, even in films featuring Asian women, but she did carve out a career as a supporting player in everything from A-list movies to two-reel comedies and serials. The characters she played typically were duplicitous or murderous vamps who often reaped the wages of their sin by being raped. It was a demeaning apprenticeship that most Caucasian actresses did not have to go through. Anna May Wong wanted was to play modern American women all through her career but was thwarted because of racism. Later, when she removed herself to Europe to escape the typecasting of Hollywood, she told journalist Doris Mackie, "I was so tired of the parts I had to play. Why is it that the screen Chinese is aways the villain? And so crude a villain, murderous, treacherous, a snake in the grass." The extent of anti-Chinese sentiment in the U.S. was so deep that Hollywood usually typecast Wong, typically wearing form-fitting Chinese gowns, not specifically as an Asian but as an "exotic" foreigner. "American" hostility to the Chinese in America had existed almost from the start of their entry into the continental United States, with California targeting the Chinese in 1850 with a Foreign Miners' License Act that put a $20 tax on each "foreign" miner. (The Act was repealed a year later, as it had a deleterious effect on the mining industry by creating labor shortages.) As when the gold mines started sputtering out in California in the mid-1850s, when there was a general economic recession, opportunistic, racist politicians managed to divert the blame towards the Chinese. Chinese were blamed for taking away jobs from "Americans," immigrants from Europe who were as "foreign" as the Chinese they derided, but who had been enfranchised with the vote by political machines. Targeted by crowds of the working poor who were buffeted by the boom-and-bust business cycle of capitalist America, the Chinese were the victims of riots in California and in other western states and territories. The 1871 Los Angeles riot had left 19 Chinese dead, lynched in their own neighborhood, while crowds of Caucasians looted Chinatown of tens of thousands of dollars worth of their belongings and business assets. Most of the Chinese in America were located in San Francisco, and local and state authorities passed ordinances to harass them, many of which were subsequently declared unconstitutional by the courts. However, the California Supreme Court extended a statute that prohibited "negroes and Indians" from testifying against Caucasians in court to the Chinese, for the "logical" reason that in Christopher Columbus's time, Oriental countries were called "Indian." The U.S. and China signed a treaty in Burlingame, California, in 1868 that mandated that every Chinese citizen in the United States should enjoy the privileges enjoyed by American citizens in China, naturalization exempted. The Burlingame Treaty was met with a storm of protest in the western states and territories, with agitators denouncing it as a sellout of the American laborer. The U.S. subsequently entered into a treaty with China in 1880 that allowed it to exclude Chinese laborers, a treaty backed up by Congress when it passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. In this period, Mark Twain and Bret Harte created the genre known as "Chinatown fiction," full of a sing-song patois they created to approximate the pidgin English spoken by the Chinese in America. "Chinatown fiction," a genre joined by less-talented and more overtly racist writers, featured poor and poorly acculturated "Chinks" who were insular and a "foreign" presence in America. As in the current cable television serial "Deadwood," "Chinks" were portrayed as being kingpins of vice, including dope, the Chinatown opium parlor becoming a particularly popular trope in American culture. In one short story, Bret Harte called the character of Ah Sing, an expert card cheat, a "moral cancer" as well as cursing him with racial epithets. Chinatown fiction gave America a new stereotype of the "Chink" as immoral, untrustworthy, dangerous and downright vicious. This stereotype was further inflamed by the pulp fiction of "Fu Manchu" creator Sax Rohmer , who proceeded from the Darwinian idea that the Chinese were genetically disposed to wickedness, no matter how intellectually brilliant. When the Boxer Rebellion broke out in China in 1900 and was forcibly suppressed by the military legions of the foreign legations in Beijing, including U.S. Marines, the idea of the Asian threat to Western civilization became common currency. This was despite the fact that the rebels, who called themselves "Righteous Harmonious Fists" (translated as "Boxer" by the Western press), merely sought to rid their country of the imperialists who had destroyed it. Within five years, the Japanese had defeated the Russian Empire in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, and "The Yellow Peril" (a phrase popularized by novelist, socialist and white supremacist Jack London ) became a "reality" in America, particularly on the West Coast, which shared an ocean and dreams of empire with Japan. Historian Barbara Tuchman , in her Pulitzer Prize-winning "Stilwell and the American Experience in China," wrote about how Americans generally had a sympathetic view of the Chinese in China owing to the propaganda sent to them by Christian missionaries. Seeing themselves as anti-imperialist, Americans viewed China as a victim of exploitation by Europe and Japan. China deserved American sympathy, for it was a benighted country ruled by cruel warlords who subjugated a meek but inherently virtuous people who were proto-Christians, if they could be released from the tyranny of the past and present. In the writings of Nobel Prize-winning novelist Pearl S. Buck , Chinese like the subsistence farmer Wang Lung of "The Good Earth" were potential peasant Horatio Algers, well-meaning and industrious, if more than a trifle backward in their ways. The American view of China and the Chinese that developed from the 1920s on through the success of Zedong Mao 's Communist forces in 1949 was complex and not devoid of the old fears of "The Yellow Peril." Whereas China in the 17th and 18th centuries was depicted in European literature as a country ruled by philosopher kings and an upper class that enjoyed social and political equality (a view that helped trigger the European development of Enlightenment ideals), the British Empire, after forcing China open to the then-banned opium trade through two wars in the first half of the 19th century, began to emphasize the idea of the Chinese coolie. Rather than being an enlightened people, British propaganda depicted the coolie as subhuman, a beast of burden prone to debaucheries of gambling, vice and sexual perversion. It was this new stereotype that fueled the "Yellow Peril" myth and the idea of the Chinese criminal mastermind, such as Fu Manchu, the villainous antihero of many popular pulp novels. (As late as 1980, Rohmer's racist character was appearing in movies, played by the Caucasian Peter Sellers, in Oriental drag no less, in The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu (1980)). Other notable Caucasian actors who played the character were Christopher Lee and Boris Karloff . Sellers mercifully was the last, and the Anglo-Irish actor H. Agar Lyons was the most prolific, to play the bad doctor. Lyons, who played the Devil in The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1914), appeared 22 times as Fu Manchu and at least three other times in the movies as other Asian characters.) After Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, Chinese immigration virtually was halted and Americans were stripped of their citizenship for the transgression of marrying Chinese immigrants. The act was the culmination of a progress some historians call the "negroization" of the Chinese that began after the U.S. Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision in 1857, which legitimated slavery. Nativists feared "amalgamation" (intermarriage) of Caucasians with African-Americans and Chinese, which would lead to a "mongrelization" of the "white race," seen in Darwinian terms as an evolutionary catastrophe, as it would pervert the doctrine of the "survival of the fittest," i.e., the survival of the hegemony of white America. Thus, a process where the civil rights of Chinese were systematically reduced came into play. Hollywood, primarily founded by Eastern European Jews who shared a common desire of assimilation, portrayed this unassimilated race with demeaning stereotypes. (One of the great hits of the silent era, D.W. Griffith 's Broken Blossoms or The Yellow Man and the Girl (1919), dealt with the then-transgressive idea of "amalgamation" between a Chinese man, Richard Barthelmess in Oriental drag, and a sweet young white thing, played by Lillian Gish . Everything turned out badly in the end, of course, when the sweet young thing's papa, played by Scotsman Donald Crisp , went berserk. This was the America that Anna May Wong, ethnic Chinese and American citizen, whose family had been in this country since at least 1855, made a career in, in a business that mined the subconscious of its patrons, a subconscious full of fear. When Wong did play an American-born Chinese character living in her home country, the movie played on the "Yellow Peril" theme and "Dragon Lady" stereotype that held that the Asian presence in the U.S. should be feared, if not eliminated. Wong embodied the Caucasian ideal of a foreign exotic beauty, an alien presence despite her American citizenship. The movie magazine "Pictures" published a memoir of Wong in 1926 in which she complained, "A lot of people, when they first meet me, are surprised that I speak and write English without difficulty. But why shouldn't I? I was born right here in Los Angeles and went to the public schools here. I speak English without any accent at all. But my parents complain that the same cannot be said of my Chinese. Although I have gone to Chinese schools, and always talk to my father and mother in our native tongue, it is said that I speak Chinese with an English accent!" Many Chinese-Americans considered themselves "Chinese in America," an attitude bolstered by the anti-Chinese, anti-Asian attitude of the U.S. Government and the American culture. In her memoir, Wong referred to herself as "Chinese" or "Americanized Chinese," but not as an "American" or "Chinese American." Anna May Wong appeared as a dancer in a play within a movie shot in Technicolor for the Ronald Colman vehicle His Supreme Moment (1925), but her Hollywood output generally was undistinguished. In 1926 she seems to have appeared in a "race" film made by Chinese-Americans for a Chinese-American audience, The Silk Bouquet (1926), a.k.a. "The Dragon Horse." Moving between Poverty Row and the majors, she appeared again with Lon Chaney in Mr. Wu (1927) at MGM and with Warner Oland and Dolores Costello in Old San Francisco (1927) at Warner Brothers. Warners also cast her in support of Oriental drag queen Myrna Loy in The Crimson City (1928). Despite her WASP looks and red hair, Loy in Chinese drag had become a major "Oriental" star in American flicks desiring an exotic element. This indignity may have been what pushed Wong to seek her future other than in Hollywood. Wong moved to Europe in 1928, where she made movies in the UK and Germany. She made her debut on the London stage with the young up-and-coming Laurence Olivier in the play "The Circle of Chalk." After receiving a drubbing for her voice and singing from the London critics, she paid a Cambridge University tutor to improve her speech, with the result that she acquired an upper-crust English accent. Later she appeared in Vienna, Austria, in the play "Springtime." European directors appreciated Wong's unique talents and beauty, and they used her in ways that the stereotype-minded Americans, hemmed in by American prejudice, would not or could not. Moving on to Germany to appear in German films, she became acquainted with German film personalities, including actress Marlene Dietrich and actress-filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl . She learned German and French and began to develop a continental European attitude and outlook. In Europe, she was welcomed as a star. According to her biographer Graham Russell Gao Hodges, Wong hobnobbed with "an intellectual elite that included princes, playwrights, artists and photographers who clamored to work with her." Anna May Wong was featured in magazines all over the world, much more than actresses of a similar level of accomplishment. She became a media superstar, and her coiffure and complexion were copied while coolie coats became a rage. According to Hodges, "[S]he was the one American star who spoke to the French people, more than Greta Garbo , Joan Crawford or Mary Pickford, the top American actresses of the time." But ironically, "[S]he's the one who's now forgotten." Wong was cast in Ewald André Dupont 's silent film Piccadilly (1929) as a maid who is fired from her job at a London nightclub after dancing on top of a table, then rehired as a dancer to infuse the club with exotic glamor. Her first talkie was 1930's The Flame of Love (1930), a.k.a. "The Road to Dishonour" (although some sources claim it was "Song" a.k.a. "Wasted Love" in that same year), which was released by British International Pictures. In a time before dubbing, when different versions of a single film were filmed in different languages, Wong played in the English, French, and German versions of the movie. Paramount Pictures offered Wong a Hollywood contract with the promise of lead roles in major productions. Returning to the U.S. in 1930, Wong appeared on Broadway in the play "On the Spot." The play was a hit, running for 167 performances, and then she moved on to Hollywood and Paramount, where she starred in an adaptation of Sax Rohmer's novel "Daughter of Fu Manchu" called Daughter of the Dragon (1931). She was back in stereotype-land, this time as the ultimate "Dragon Lady," who with her father Fu Manchu (played by ethnic Swede Warner Oland, the future Charlie Chan) embodied the evil "Yellow Peril." While "Daughter of the Dragon" may have been B-movie pulp, it enabled Wong to show off her talent by delivering a powerful performance in the movie. Wong did not limit herself to racist potboilers in Hollywood but continued to work on Broadway and in Europe during 1930s. Her best film in Hollywood in the early 1930s was in support of Marlene Dietrich in Josef von Sternberg 's Oscar-winning classic Shanghai Express (1932). But Hollywood in the 1930s was as racist as it had been in the Roaring Twenties, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer refused to cast her in its 1932 production of The Son-Daughter (1932), for which she did a screen-test, as she was "too Chinese to play a Chinese." Helen Hayes played the role in yellow-face. Similarly, she was kept out of both a lead and supporting role in MGM's later prestige production of Pearl Buck's "The Good Earth" (1937) after flunking another screen test for failing to live up to a white man's idea of what looked Chinese. MGM screen-tested her for the lead role of O-Lan, the sympathetic wife of Chinese farmer Wang Lung (to be played by Paul Muni, personally cast in the part by Irving Thalberg ). She also was considered for the supporting role of Lotus, Wang Lung's concubine. Anna May Wong, an ethnic Chinese, lost out on both roles to two Austrian women, Luise Rainer and Tilly Losch , as Albert Lewin , the Thalberg assistant who was casting the film, vetoed Wong and other ethnic Chinese because their looks didn't fit his conception of what Chinese people should look like. Ironically, the year "The Good Earth" came out, Wong appeared on the cover of Look Magazine's second issue, which labeled her "The World's Most Beautiful Chinese Girl." Stereotyped in America as a dragon lady, the cover photo had her holding a dagger. Luise Rainer would win the Best Actress Oscar for her performance of O-Lan in Chinese drag. There were practical considerations for MGM to refuse to cast Wong opposite Muni. It was illegal in many states, including Calfiornia, for Asians to intermarry with Caucasians, and featuring an interracial couple, even if they were playing the same race, likely would mean the movie would be rejected by many theater chains in regions in which anti-Asian prejudice was particularly severe. The new Motion Picture Production Code of 1934, pandering to segregationists, forbade filmmakers from portraying miscegenation in a positive light. Casting a Chinese-American opposite a Caucasian might be construed as promoting miscegenation. Anna May Wong returned to England, reportedly distraught at the injustice perpetrated by MGM and her home country. In England, she alternated between films and the stage, but she was obliged to return to the U.S. to fulfill her Paramount contract. She appeared in two Robert Florey -directed pictures, Daughter of Shanghai (1937) as a non-stereotypical Asian American female lead, and Dangerous to Know (1938). She also appeared in major roles in King of Chinatown (1939) and Island of Lost Men (1939). The outbreak of World War II in Europe and the dawning of an actual "Yellow Peril" from Japan once and for all destroyed any chance for Anna May Wong to break free from the shackles of racial prejudice and take her rightful place as a major star of American movies. Though America was again sympathetic to China, which had been invaded by Japan in 1931 and was still locked in mortal combat with the Japanese Empire, Americans were conditioned to think of Asians as inherently inferior if not downright wicked. That Nationalist China under Kai-Shek Chiang was allied with the U.S. after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor did little to improve the lot of Chinese-Americans, particularly in light of the anti-Japanese hysteria that saw native Japanese-Americans uprooted from their homes and interred in concentration camps. In the minds of many Americans, Asians were "inscrutable" and potential Fifth Columnists, even if the Chinese were fighting a common enemy. The fallout from the hostility felt towards the Japanese, abetted by rampant and blatantly racist anti-Japanese propaganda, likely had am adverse impact on Wong's career. Anna May Wong did not appear in the movies from 1939 until 1941, when she was cast as a supporting player in Ellery Queen's Penthouse Mystery (1941), an entry in the B-movie series. Her last two starring roles in the movies were in a pair of anti-Japanese propaganda films, Bombs Over Burma (1942) and Lady from Chungking (1942), both of which were made by Producers Releasing Corp., the lowest of the Poverty Row studios. The major studios, when shooting propaganda films requiring a sympathetic Asian lead, reverted to the old practice of casting Caucasians in yellow-face, no matter how absurd the result. As her movie career went into eclipse in the 1940s (she would not appear in another motion picture until 1949), she found work on the stage and in radio and then in the new medium of television. Wong wrote a preface to the book "New Chinese Recipes" in 1942, which was one of the first Chinese cookbooks printed in the U.S. The proceeds from the cookbook were dedicated to United China Relief. Though Wong was vocal in her opposition to stereotypes and typecasting, and was one of Hollywood's more memorable victims of racism in being denied leading roles in A-list pictures because the racist mores of the times prevented an Asian woman from kissing a Caucasian actor, she was considered socially suspect by her own people. The roles she was forced to accept in order to have an acting career, as well as her status as a single woman, disgusted many Chinese in America and in her ancestral homeland, where actresses were equated with prostitutes and where women were still played by men in classical opera. On a trip to China in 1936, Anna May Wong was welcomed by the country's cultural elite in cosmopolitan Beijing and Shanghai, but she had to abandon a trip to her parents' ancestral village when her progress was blocked by a crowd of protesters. Someone in the crowed denounced her with "Down with Huang Liu Tsong, the stooge that disgraces China. Don't let her go ashore." Upon her return from China, Wong was determined to play Chinese characters more authentically, but her only options were to reject roles she deemed racist or to try to soften them from within the belly of the beast. Ultimately for this proud woman, it was a losing battle. Chinese nationalism had been on the upswing since Sun Yat-Sen ended the Empire in 1911 and was rife in reaction to the war of aggression launched against China by the Empire of Japan. Chinese nationalists, concerned about the portrayal of Chinese people as evil incarnate in American popular culture, were offended by Wong's portrayals of Asians and exotics. Though she would spend the World War II years working for Chinese charities and relief agencies, she was snubbed by Madame Chiang Kai-Shek, the daughter of Yat-sen Sun and wife of the generalissimo who led the Nationalist Chinese, during Madame Chiang's 1942-43 propaganda tour of the U.S. Her biographer Hodges claims this was the beginning of a consensus among Chinese and Chinese-Americans that Wong was an embarrassment. Chinese and Chinese-Americans chose to blame her rather than Hollywood for the demeaning stereotypes she had to play in order to work. The result of this new consensus, according to Hodges, was that "her memory has been washed away." Her career in motion pictures was virtually finished after the war. Wong got her own TV show, "The Gallery of Madame Liu-Tsong" (1951), on the Dumont Network, playing a Chinese detective in a role written expressly for her, a character who was even given her real Chinese name. The half-hour program, which ran weekly from August 27 to November 21, 1951, was the first TV show to star an Asian-American. Wong's personal relationships typically were with older Caucasian men, but California law forbade marriage between Asians and Caucasians until 1948. One of her white lovers offered to marry her in Mexico, but the couple's intentions became known and he backed off when his Hollywood career was jeopardized. Wong mused about marrying a Chinese man at times, but the Chinese culture held actresses to be on a par with prostitutes, which made her suspect marriage material. She was afraid that the mores of her culture likely meant that marrying a Chinese would force her to quit her career and be an obedient wife. Ann May Wong appeared in over 50 American, English and German films in her career, making her the first global Chinese-American movie star. She was forced to fight against racism and stereotyping all her professional life, while simultaneously being criticized by Chinese at home and abroad for perpetuating stereotypes in the media. Despite this tremendous burden, the beautiful woman assayed an elegance and sophistication on-screen that made her the paradigm of Asian women for a generation of movie audiences. Anna May Wong loved reading, and her favorite subjects spanned a wide range, everything from Asian history and Tzu Lao to William Shakespeare . She never married but occupied her time with golf, horses, and skiing. Wong smoked, drank too much, and suffered from depression. She was poised to make a comeback as a character actress on the big screen toward the end of her life, having appeared as Lana Turner 's maid in Ross Hunter 's sudsy potboiler Portrait in Black (1960). She was cast in the role of Madame Liang in the movie version of Richard Rodgers 's and Oscar Hammerstein II 's Broadway musical "Flower Drum Song," but before shooting could begin she passed away. Anna May Wong died of a massive heart attack on February 3, 1961, in Santa Monica, California, after a long struggle against Laennec's cirrhosis, a disease of the liver. She was 56 years old. Her fame lives on, four decades after her death. She is a part of American popular consciousness, chosen as one of the first movie stars to be featured on a postage stamp. And the interest in her continues: The premiere of a play about Anna May Wong entitled "China Doll-The Imagined Life of an American Actress," written by Elizabeth Wong, had its premiere at Maine's Bowdoin College in 1997. A lecture and film series, "Rediscovering Anna May Wong," was held at the UCLA Film and Television Archive in 2004, sponsored by "Playboy" publisher Hugh M. Hefner . That same year, New York City's Museum of Modern Art held its own tribute to Wong, "Retrospective of a Chinese American Screen Actress." Finally, she was getting the respect in her own country that eluded her during her career. A new biography of Wong by Colgate University history professor Graham Russell Gao Hodges, "Anna May Wong: From Laundryman's Daughter to Hollywood Legend," was published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2004. Hodges considers Anna May's life and career to be amazing, particularly in light of the fact that her star has yet to be eclipsed by any other Asian-American female star, despite the change in attitudes. Finally, in 2004, the British Film Institute restored E.A. Dupont's 1929 silent film "Piccadilly," starring Anna May Wong. After being derided for perpetuating stereotypes during her lifetime, Anna May Wong is now being appreciated by the Asian-American community and the American culture at large for her pioneering attempt to bring dignity to screen portrayals of an ethnic group that faced terrible discrimination. Bucking the system, even going into exile, she tried to broaden the portrayal of ethnic Asians from the stereotype ghetto of the Asian as "foreign" or "exotic" or "inscrutable" or "treacherous" into real human beings with real emotions the same as the audience. Thus, her acting can be seen as a pioneering effort to broaden the diversity of American culture as portrayed on the screen. It is unlikely that this cinema star will ever be forgotten.

Cousin of cinematographer James Wong Howe .Her Chinese name means "Willow Frosted, Yellow" (according to the Western custom) or "Yellow, Willow Frosted"(according to the Chinese custom).She was more often cast in "sinister oriental" roles only after actresses like Nita Naldi were forced out of motion pictures owing to the coming of sound.According to the British Film Institute biography, her birth name was Luong Liu Tsong.In 1956 Anna received a long-deferred chance to play a role she lost out on in 1940s Hollywood. Playing the Asian blackmailer in W. Somerset Maugham 's "The Letter" on TV, the director of the show was none other than William Wyler , who had originally nixed the idea of her playing the role in the Bette Davis classic film version of The Letter (1940). The part instead went to non-Asian Gale Sondergaard .Never married, Anna is rumored to have been bisexual but that has never been definitely established.Anna once had an affair with noted silent film director Marshall Neilan . Most of her romances tended towards Caucasian men, as many Chinese men looked down on actresses as prostitutes.Anna attended Hollywood High School, where she became a photographer's model.In 1960, actor Anthony Quinn co-starred with Anna in her last film, Portrait in Black (1960). Quinn also starred as an Inuit in Nicholas Ray 's The Savage Innocents (1960). Co-starring with him was actress Marie Yang, who in this film was for some reason billed as Anna May Wong! It may be the only instance ever of an actor appearing with two actresses of the same name in the same year.Enjoyed golfing, skiing, and horseback riding in her spare time.Was thought to be buried in an unmarked grave in Angelus Rosedale Cemetary in Los Angeles. However it turns out she was buried under her Chinese name beside her mother and sister in a family plot.Was a Christian Scientist practitioner.Producer Ross Hunter cast her in the film version of Flower Drum Song (1961). However, she became ill in December of 1960 and was replaced by Juanita Hall .Once coached Dorothy Lamour , who was appearing as a Eurasian girl in the film Disputed Passage (1939).The second of seven children, her siblings were Richard, Lulu, James, Frank, Roger and Mary. Mary once served as Anna's film understudy but died suddenly in early adulthood. Her father disapproved of Anna's acting career, which caused a severe strain in their relationship. Following Anna's mother's death in a car accident in 1931, they grew even further apart. Anna's will disinherited her father.In the 1930s she toured in vaudeville and with her own one-woman show, traveling through Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and the Scandinavian countries. In London, she had a widely praised nightclub engagement at the Embassy Club, where she sang and danced.Spoke fluent French and German along with her native English and Chinese.Her mother was struck by a car and died several days later.Her younger sister Mary Wong committed suicide by hanging herself in her garage in Los Angeles on July 15, 1940 at age 30. She had a bit part in the film The Good Earth (1937).Starred in the first full length color movie, "Toll of the Sea" in 1922.It is believed by some that Wong never kissed her leading man on the lips on screen but she does share just such a kiss with John Loder in Java Head (1934). Such a scene was filmed for her 1929 film "The Road to Dishonour" with John Longden but was cut by censors who felt that moviegoers might be offended by an interracial kiss.